最高人民法院关于贯彻最高人民法院法发〔1997〕27号通知应注意的几个问题的紧急通知

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财政部 国家税务总局


关于增值税、营业税若干政策规定的通知(附英文)
财税[1994]26号

1994年5月5日，财政部、国家税务总局

通知
各省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市财政厅（局）、税务局：
新税制实施以来，各地陆续反映了一些增值税、营业税执行中出现的问题。经研究，现将有关政策问题规定如下。
一、关于集邮商品征税问题
集邮商品，包括邮票、小型张、小本票、明信片、首日封、邮折、集邮簿、邮盘、邮票目录、护邮袋、贴片及其他集邮商品。
集邮商品的生产、调拨征收增值税。邮政部门销售集邮商品，征收营业税；邮政部门以外的其他单位与个人销售集邮商品，征收增值税。
二、关于报刊发行征税问题
邮政部门发行报刊，征收营业税；其他单位和个人发行报刊，征收增值税。
三、关于销售无线寻呼机、移动电话征税问题
电信单位（电信局及经电信局批准的其他从事电信业务的单位）自己销售无线寻呼机、移动电话，并为客户提供有关的电信劳务服务的，属于混合销售，征收营业税；对单纯销售无线寻呼机、移动电话，不提供有关的电信劳务服务的，征收增值税。
四、关于混合销售征税问题
（一）根据增值税暂行条例实施细则（以下简称细则）第五条的规定，“以从事货物的生产、批发或零售为主，并兼营非应税劳务的企业、企业性单位及个体经营者”的混合销售行为，应视为销售货物征收增值税。此条规定所说的“以从事货物的生产、批发或零售为主，并兼营非应税劳务”，是指纳税人的年货物销售额与非增值税应税劳务营业额的合计数中，年货物销售额超过50％，非增值税应税劳务营业额不到50％。
（二）从事运输业务的单位与个人，发生销售货物并负责运输所售货物的混合销售行为，征收增值税。
五、关于代购货物征税问题
代购货物行为，凡同时具备以下条件的，不征收增值税；不同时具备以下条件的，无论会计制度规定如何核算，均征收增值税。
（一）受托方不垫付资金；
（二）销货方将发票开具给委托方，并由受托方将该项发票转交给委托方；
（三）受托方按销售方实际收取的销售额和增值税额（如系代理进口货物则为海关代征的增值税额）与委托方结算货款，并另外收取手续费。
六、关于棕榈油、棉籽油和粮食复制品征税问题
（一）棕榈油、棉籽油按照食用植物油13％的税率征收增值税；
（二）切面、饺子皮、米粉等经简单加工的粮食复制品，比照粮食13％的税率征收增值税。粮食复制品是指以粮食为原料经简单加工的生食品，不包括挂面和以粮食为原料加工的速冻食品、副食品。粮食复制品的具体范围，由国家税务总局各省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市直属分局根据上述原则确定，并上报财政部和国家税务总局备案。
七、关于出口“国务院另有规定的货物”征税问题
根据增值税暂行条例第二条：“纳税人出口国务院另有规定的货物，不得适用零税率”的规定，纳税人出口的原油；援外出口货物；国家禁止出口的货物，包括天然牛黄、麝香、铜及铜基合金、白金等；糖，应按规定征收增值税。
八、关于外购农业产品的进项税额处理问题
增值税一般纳税人向小规模税人购买的农业产品，可视为免税农业产品按10％的扣除率计算进项税额。
九、关于寄售物品和死当物品征税问题
寄售商店代销的寄售物品（包括居民个人寄售的物品在内）、典当业销售的死当物品，无论销售单位是否属于一般纳税人，均按简易办法依照6％的征收率计算缴纳增值税，并且不得开具专用发票。
十、关于销售自己使用过的固定资产征税问题
单位和个体经营者销售自己使用过的游艇、摩托车和应征消费税的汽车，无论销售者是否属于一般纳税人，一律按简易办法依照6％的征收率计算缴纳增值税，并且不得开具专用发票。销售自己使用过的其他属于货物的固定资产，暂免征收增值税。
十一、关于人民币折合率问题
纳税人按外汇结算销售额的，其销售额的人民币折合率为中国人民银行公布的市场汇价。
十二、本规定自一九九四年六月一日起执行。

CIRCULAR ON SOME POLICY REGULATIONS CONCERNING VALUE-ADDED TAX ANDBUSINESS TAX

(The Ministry of Finance and State Administration of Taxation: 5May 1994 [94] Coded Cai Shui Zi No. 026)

Whole Doc.
To Financial Departments (Bureaus) and Tax Bureaus of Various Provinces,
Autonomous Regions and Municipalities and Cities With Independent
Planning:
Since implementation of the new tax system, various localities have
made successive reports on some issues arising in the course of
implementing the levy of value-added tax and business tax. After study, we
hereby stipulate the following policy-related questions:
I. Question concerning taxable philately commodities
These commodities include stamps, small paper, small promissory
notes, postcards, first day covers, stamp album, stamp booklets, postal
discs, stamp lists, mailbags and other philately commodities.
Value-added tax is levied on the production and allocation of
philately commodities. Business tax is levied on the philately commodities
sold by postal departments; and value-added tax is levied on the philately
commodities sold by other units and individuals.
II. Questions concerning levying taxes on the distribution of newspapers
and magazines
Business tax is levied on the newspapers and magazines distributed by
postal departments; value-added tax is levied on the newspapers and
magazines distributed by other units and individuals.
III. Questions Concerning the sales of wireless beepers and mobile
telephones
Telecommunications units (telecommunications bureau and other units
approved by the telecommunications bureau to engage in telecommunications
business) themselves sell wireless beepers and mobile telephones and
provide clients with related telecommunications labor services. These
belong to mixed sales on which business tax is levied; value-added tax is
levied on those who purely sell wireless beepers and mobile telephones,
but do not provide relevant telecommunications labor service.
IV. Questions related to levying taxes on mixed sales
(1) In accordance with the stipulations of Article 5 of the Detailed
Rules for the Implementation of the Provisional Regulations on Value-Added
Tax (hereinafter referred to as Detailed Rules), the mixed selling acts
performed by enterprises, units of an enterprise nature as well as
individual managers who engage mainly in the production, wholesale or
retail sales of goods and concurrently provide non-taxable labor services
shall be regarded as marketing goods on which value-added tax is levied.
The phrase "engage mainly in the production, wholesale or retail sales of
goods and concurrently provide non- taxable labor services" mentioned in
the stipulations of this article refers to the situation in which among
the combined total of the tax payer's annual sale volume of goods and the
taxable labor service business volume of non value-added tax, the annual
sales volume of goods exceeds 50 percent, while the taxable labor service
business volume of non value-added tax, is less than 50 percent.
(2) Value-added tax is levied on the mixed selling acts performed by
the units and individuals who engage in transport business as they sell
goods and take charge of the transport of the goods sold.
V. Questions concerning levying taxes on the goods purchased on a
commission basis
Acts related to the commission purchase of goods which conform to the
following conditions are exempt from value-added tax; value-added tax is
levied on those not concurrently conforming to the following conditions
irrespective of how accounting is done as specified in the accounting
system.
(1) The consignee does not pay funds in advance;
(2) The goods seller gives an invoice to the consignor, and the
consignee transmits the invoice to the consignor;
(3) The consignee settles the account of the money paid for goods
with the consignee in accordance with the sales volume and VAT volume
actually collected by the seller (commission import goods are the volume
of VAT levied for the customs), service charge is collected separately.
VI. Questions concerning levying taxes on reproduction of palm oil, cotton
seed oil and grain
(1) Value-added tax is levied on palm oil and cotton seed oil at a 13
percent rate for edible vegetable oil;
(2) On simply processed food replicas such as cut noodles, dumpling
wrappers and rice flour, value-added tax is levied in light of a 13
percent rate for grain. Food replicas refer to simply processed raw
foodstuffs with grain as the main raw material, excluding fine dried
noodles and quick-frozen food and non-staple foods processed with grain as
raw material. The concrete scope for grain replicas shall be determined in
accordance with the above- mentioned principle by the sub-bureaus directly
under the various provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities and cities
with independent planning and shall be reported to the Ministry of Finance
and the State Administration of Taxation for the record.
VII. Questions concerning levying tax on the export of goods for which
there are separate regulations of the State Council
According to the stipulations of Article 2 of the Provisional
Regulations Concerning Value-Added Tax: "the zero tax rate shall not be
applied to goods exported by the tax payer for which there are separate
regulations of the State Council". the crude exported by the tax payer,
export goods for foreign aid, goods whose export is prohibited by the
state, including natural bezoar, musk, copper and acid bronze alloy,
platinum and sugar, value-added tax shall be levied according to
regulations.
VIII. Questions related to the handling of the amount of tax on the
external purchase of agricultural products
The agricultural products purchased by the ordinary VAT payer from
the small-scale tax payer can be regarded as tax-free agricultural
products and the amount of tax which shall be calculated at a 10 percent
deducting rate.
IX. Questions concerning the levying of tax on consigned goods and dead
pawn goods
For consigned goods sold by the commission shop (including consigned
goods of individual residents), and dead pawn goods sold by pawnbroking,
value-added tax shall be paid, whose amount is calculated at a 6 percent
dutiable rate according to a simple method no matter whether the selling
unit belongs to ordinary tax payer or not, and no special invoice shall be
issued.
X. Questions concerning the levying of tax on the sales of used fixed
assets
Units and individual managers who sell their used pleasure-boats,
motorcycles and consumption tax payable vehicles shall all pay value-added
tax whose amount is calculated at a 6 percent taxable rate according to a
simple method no matter whether the seller belongs to ordinary tax payer
or not, and no special invoice shall be issued. Those who sell other
fixed assets which belong to goods they themselves have used are exempt
from value-added tax for the time being.
XI. Questions concerning the conversion rate of Renminbi
When the tax payer who calculates the sales volume in accordance with
the settlement of foreign exchange, the conversion rate of Renminbi for
the sales volume shall be the market rate of exchange announced by the
People's Bank of China.
X II. These regulations go into effect on June 1, 1994.


财政部


企业内部控制应用指引第 7 号--采购业务



第一章 总 则

第一条 为了促进企业合理采购，满足生产经营需要，规范采购行为，防范采购风险，根据有关法律法规和《企业内部控制基本规范》，制定本指引。

第二条 本指引所称采购，是指购买物资（或接受劳务）及支付款项等相关活动。

第三条 企业采购业务至少应当关注下列风险：

（一）采购计划安排不合理，市场变化趋势预测不准确，造成库存短缺或积压，可能导致企业生产停滞或资源浪费。

（二）供应商选择不当，采购方式不合理，招投标或定价机制不科学，授权审批不规范，可能导致采购物资质次价高，出现舞弊或遭受欺诈。

（三）采购验收不规范，付款审核不严，可能导致采购物资、资金损失或信用受损。

第四条 企业应当结合实际情况，全面梳理采购业务流程，完善采购业务相关管理制度，统筹安排采购计划，明确请购、审批、购买、验收、付款、采购后评估等环节的职责和审批权限，按照规定的审批权限和程序办理采购业务，建立价格监督机制，定期检查和评价采购过程中的薄弱环节，采取有效控制措施，确保物资采购满足企业生产经营需要。

第二章 购 买

第五条 企业的采购业务应当集中，避免多头采购或分散采购，以提高采购业务效率，降低采购成本，堵塞管理漏洞。企业应当对办理采购业务的人员定期进行岗位轮换。重要和技术性较强的采购业务，应当组织相关专家进行论证，实行集体决策和审批。

企业除小额零星物资或服务外，不得安排同一机构办理采购业务全过程。

第六条 企业应当建立采购申请制度，依据购买物资或接受劳务的类型，确定归口管理部门，授予相应的请购权，明确相关部门或人员的职责权限及相应的请购和审批程序。

企业可以根据实际需要设置专门的请购部门，对需求部门提出的采购需求进行审核，并进行归类汇总，统筹安排企业的采购计划。

具有请购权的部门对于预算内采购项目，应当严格按照预算执行进度办理请购手续，并根据市场变化提出合理采购申请。对于超预算和预算外采购项目，应先履行预算调整程序，由具备相应审批权限的部门或人员审批后，再行办理请购手续。

第七条 企业应当建立科学的供应商评估和准入制度，确定合格供应商清单，与选定的供应商签订质量保证协议，建立供应商管理信息系统，对供应商提供物资或劳务的质量、价格、交货及时性、供货条件及其资信、经营状况等进行实时管理和综合评价，根据评价结果对供应商进行合理选择和调整。

企业可委托具有相应资质的中介机构对供应商进行资信调查。

第八条 企业应当根据市场情况和采购计划合理选择采购方式。大宗采购应当采用招标方式，合理确定招投标的范围、标准、实施程序和评标规则；一般物资或劳务等的采购可以采用询价或定向采购的方式并签订合同协议；小额零星物资或劳务等的采购可以采用直接购买等方式。

第九条 企业应当建立采购物资定价机制，采取协议采购、招标采购、谈判采购、询比价采购等多种方式合理确定采购价格，最大限度地减小市场变化对企业采购价格的影响。

大宗采购等应当采用招投标方式确定采购价格，其他商品或劳务的采购，应当根据市场行情制定最高采购限价，并对最高采购限价适时调整。

第十条 企业应当根据确定的供应商、采购方式、采购价格等情况拟订采购合同，准确描述合同条款，明确双方权利、义务和违约责任，按照规定权限签订采购合同。

企业应当根据生产建设进度和采购物资特性，选择合理的运输工具和运输方式，办理运输、投保等事宜。

第十一条 企业应当建立严格的采购验收制度，确定检验方式，由专门的验收机构或验收人员对采购项目的品种、规格、数量、质量等相关内容进行验收，出具验收证明。涉及大宗和新、特物资采购的，还应进行专业测试。

验收过程中发现的异常情况，负责验收的机构或人员应当立即向企业有权管理的相关机构报告，相关机构应当查明原因并及时处理。

第十二条 企业应当加强物资采购供应过程的管理，依据采购合同中确定的主要条款跟踪合同履行情况，对有可能影响生产或工程进度的异常情况，应出具书面报告并及时提出解决方案。

企业应当做好采购业务各环节的记录，实行全过程的采购登记制度或信息化管理，确保采购过程的可追溯性。

第三章 付 款

第十三条 企业应当加强采购付款的管理，完善付款流程，明确付款审核人的责任和权力，严格审核采购预算、合同、相关单据凭证、审批程序等相关内容，审核无误后按照合同规定及时办理付款。

企业在付款过程中，应当严格审查采购发票的真实性、合法性和有效性。发现虚假发票的，应查明原因，及时报告处理。

企业应当重视采购付款的过程控制和跟踪管理，发现异常情况的，应当拒绝付款，避免出现资金损失和信用受损。

企业应当合理选择付款方式，并严格遵循合同规定，防范付款方式不当带来的法律风险，保证资金安全。

第十四条 企业应当加强预付账款和定金的管理。涉及大额或长期的预付款项，应当定期进行追踪核查，综合分析预付账款的期限、占用款项的合理性、不可收回风险等情况，发现有疑问的预付款项，应当及时采取措施。

第十五条 企业应当加强对购买、验收、付款业务的会计系统控制，详细记录供应商情况、请购申请、采购合同、采购通知、验收证明、入库凭证、商业票据、款项支付等情况，确保会计记录、采购记录与仓储记录核对一致。

企业应当指定专人通过函证等方式，定期与供应商核对应付账款、应付票据、预付账款等往来款项。

第十六条 企业应当建立退货管理制度，对退货条件、退货手续、货物出库、退货货款回收等作出明确规定，并在与供应商的合同中明确退货事宜，及时收回退货货款。涉及符合索赔条件的退货，应在索赔期内及时办理索赔。